Year: 2025 | Month: October | Volume: 12 | Issue: 10 | Pages: 468-472
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20251049
Incentivizing Antibiotic Innovation: A Narrative Review of Push and Pull Economic Models for Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Veda Dua1, Dr. Adarsh Keshari2, Dr. Rhea Aggarwal3
1Independent Researcher, Delhi Public School, R.K. Puram, New Delhi, India
2Senior Research Fellow, APAR Health, Gurugram, India
3Co-Founder, APAR Health, Gurugram, India
Corresponding Author: Dr. Adarsh Keshari
ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most pressing global health and economic challenges of the 21st century. It is projected to cause up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050 if unchecked, with severe health and economic consequences. The diminishing effectiveness of traditional antibiotics has created an urgent need for new therapies, but the economic environment for antibiotic innovation remains fragile.
This narrative review explores economic models designed to incentivize antibiotic innovation, focusing on “push” and “pull” mechanisms. Push mechanisms fund early-stage research, while pull mechanisms reward successful drug development. This review compares their efficiency, sustainability, and challenges. Ultimately, hybrid strategies combining push and pull elements may provide the most effective pathway forward to balance innovation, stewardship, and access.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR); economic incentives; push–pull models; hybrid funding mechanisms; global health economics; stewardship; access and equity.
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