Year: 2025 | Month: November | Volume: 12 | Issue: 11 | Pages: 244-251
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20251126
Differentials and Determinants of Low Birth Weight in India; Evidence from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5)
Shriprasad H
Associate Professor, Population Research Centre (PRC) (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India)
JSS Institute of Economic Research Dharwad, Karnataka 580004
Corresponding Author: Shriprasad H
ABSTRACT
Background: Low birth weight (LBW), defined as a birth weight below 2,500 grams, remains a major public health challenge due to its strong association with neonatal mortality, impaired childhood growth, and long-term developmental complications. Objectives of the study are to determine the prevalence of low birth weight and to examine determinants of low birth weight in India.
Methods: Study used nationally representative data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21). A total of 149,279 women aged 15–49 years who had their most recent birth in a health facility were included. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests assessed variations in LBW prevalence across socio-demographic and maternal characteristics. Logistic regression analysis conducted to estimate associations among selected determinants and LBW.
Results: LBW prevalence among facility-based deliveries in India was found to be 17%. Higher risk of LBW was observed among younger mothers (15–24 years), those with low educational attainment, women from poorer wealth quintiles, and those with severe anemia. Limited antenatal care utilization and tobacco use also positively associated with LBW prevalence. Protective factors included higher maternal education, normal BMI, birth intervals greater than 24 months, and absence of tobacco use.
Discussion: Both maternal and socio-economic conditions significantly influence birth outcomes. The strong association of LBW with low education, anemia, inadequate ANC, and poverty indicates the need for comprehensive maternal health strategies addressing nutritional, behavioral, and economic barriers.
Conclusion: Reducing LBW in India requires integrated interventions that promote maternal nutrition, ensure adequate ANC utilization, and mitigate socio-economic inequalities. Tailored policies and focused maternal health programs can contribute significantly to improving neonatal health and reducing the prevalence of LBW across the country.
Keywords: LBW, Socio-economic determinants, NFHS, India
[PDF Full Text]